后端技术详解

技术栈

技术	版本	用途
Python	3.9 - 3.10.20	开发语言
Django	4.2.16	Web 框架
Django REST Framework	3.15.2	RESTful API
Celery	5.4.0	异步任务
Redis	5.0.8	缓存/消息队列
MySQL	-	数据存储

项目结构

salted-fish-api/
├── SaltedFish/                    # Django 项目配置
│   ├── settings.py                # 项目设置
│   ├── urls.py                    # 主路由
│   ├── celeryConf.py              # Celery 配置
│   ├── middleware.py              # 中间件
│   └── wsgi.py                    # WSGI 入口
├── SaltedFishApi/                 # 主业务应用
│   ├── Auth/                      # 认证模块
│   ├── User/                      # 用户模块
│   ├── Goods/                     # 商品模块
│   ├── publish_goods/             # 发布模块
│   └── AutoPublishGoods/          # 自动发布模块
├── SaltedFishMobileApi/           # 移动端 API
│   └── OutOrder/                  # 订单模块
├── libs/                          # 自定义库
│   └── web_spider/                # 爬虫库
├── Log/                           # 日志目录
├── media/                         # 媒体文件
├── static/                        # 静态文件
├── manage.py                      # Django 管理脚本
└── pyproject.toml                 # Poetry 依赖配置

核心配置

Django 设置

# settings.py 关键配置

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'simpleui',                              # Admin UI 美化
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'rest_framework',
    'rest_framework_simplejwt',              # JWT 认证
    'rest_framework_simplejwt.token_blacklist',
    'corsheaders',                           # CORS 支持
    'django_filters',                        # 过滤器
    'django_celery_beat',                    # 定时任务

    # 业务应用
    'SaltedFishApi.Auth',
    'SaltedFishApi.User',
    'SaltedFishApi.Goods',
    'SaltedFishApi.publish_goods',
    'SaltedFishApi.AutoPublishGoods',
    'SaltedFishMobileApi.OutOrder',
]

# 认证配置
AUTH_USER_MODEL = "User.User"

# CORS 配置
CORS_ALLOW_CREDENTIALS = True
CORS_ALLOW_ALL_ORIGINS = True
CORS_ALLOW_HEADERS = '*'

# 文件上传配置
ALLOWED_FILE_TYPES = ['image/jpeg', 'image/png']

中间件配置

MIDDLEWARE = [
    'corsheaders.middleware.CorsMiddleware',    # CORS 处理
    'SaltedFish.middleware.MyMiddleware',       # 自定义中间件
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
]

业务模块详解

Auth 认证模块

路径: SaltedFishApi/Auth/

功能:

• 用户登录/登出
• JWT Token 管理
• Token 刷新机制

核心文件:

• views.py - 认证视图
• serializers/ - 请求/响应序列化
• urls.py - 路由配置

User 用户模块

路径: SaltedFishApi/User/

用户模型:

class User(AbstractBaseUser, PermissionsMixin, BaseModel):
    username = models.CharField(max_length=15, unique=True)
    nickname = models.CharField(max_length=13)
    gender = models.CharField(max_length=10, choices=GENDER_CHOICES)
    phone = models.CharField(max_length=11)
    email = models.EmailField()
    is_active = models.BooleanField(default=True)
    is_staff = models.BooleanField(default=False)

    class Meta:
        db_table = 'user'

Goods 商品模块

路径: SaltedFishApi/Goods/

商品模型:

class Goods(BaseModel):
    userId = models.ForeignKey(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    goods_name = models.CharField(max_length=255)      # 商品名称
    goods_desc = models.TextField()                     # 商品描述
    item_biz_type = models.CharField(max_length=50)    # 商品类型
    outer_id = models.CharField(max_length=100)        # 商品编码
    original_price = models.DecimalField()             # 原价
    price = models.DecimalField()                      # 售价
    sp_biz_type = models.CharField(max_length=50)      # 商品分类
    status = models.CharField(max_length=20)           # 商品状态

    class Meta:
        db_table = 'goods'

区域模型:

class Regional(BaseModel):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100)        # 区域名称
    code = models.CharField(max_length=20)         # 区域编码
    area_type = models.CharField(max_length=20)    # 类型(省/市/区)
    p_id = models.ForeignKey('self', null=True)    # 父级ID

    class Meta:
        db_table = 'regional'

AutoPublishGoods 自动发布模块

路径: SaltedFishApi/AutoPublishGoods/

视图模块:

• Publish.py - 发布逻辑
• Template.py - 模板管理
• PublishConfig.py - 发布配置
• ContextGallery.py - 上下文图库
• TagGallery.py - 标签图库
• uploadImages.py - 图片上传

模型:

• PublishModel.py - 发布任务、发布详情
• TempalteModel.py - 发布模板配置

Celery 异步任务

配置

# celeryConf.py
from celery import Celery

app = Celery('SaltedFish')
app.config_from_object('django.conf:settings', namespace='CELERY')
app.autodiscover_tasks()

# Redis 作为消息代理
CELERY_BROKER_URL = 'redis://localhost:6379/0'
CELERY_RESULT_BACKEND = 'django-db'

启动命令

# 启动 Beat (定时任务调度)
celery -A SaltedFish beat -l info --logfile=Log/CeleryTask/celery_beat.log

# 启动 Worker (任务执行)
celery -A SaltedFish worker -l info --logfile=Log/CeleryTask/celery_worker.log -P eventlet

任务使用示例

from celery import shared_task

@shared_task
def publish_goods_task(goods_id):
    """异步发布商品任务"""
    # 执行发布逻辑
    pass

爬虫库

路径: libs/web_spider/

主要依赖:

• drissionpage - 网页自动化
• curl-cffi - HTTP 请求
• ddddocr - OCR 验证码识别

结构:

web_spider/
├── XGJ/          # 爬虫实现 A
├── XY/           # 爬虫实现 B
├── tools/        # 工具类
├── run_js/       # JavaScript 执行
└── test/         # 测试用例

API 路由

# urls.py
urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('api/auth/', include('Auth.urls')),
    path('api/publish/', include('publish_goods.urls')),
    path('api/autoPublish/', include('AutoPublishGoods.urls')),
    path('api/products/', include('Goods.urls')),
    path('api/user/', include('User.urls')),
    path('api/mobile/', include('OutOrder.urls')),
]

日志配置

日志目录结构:

Log/
├── RunLog/           # 运行日志
└── CeleryTask/       # Celery 任务日志
    ├── celery_beat.log
    └── celery_worker.log

依赖管理

使用 Poetry 进行依赖管理：

# pyproject.toml
[tool.poetry.dependencies]
python = ">=3.9,<=3.10.20"
django = "4.*"
djangorestframework = "^3.15.2"
django-filter = "^24.3"
django-celery-beat = "^2.7.0"
django-celery-results = "^2.5.1"
django-redis = "^5.4.0"
djangorestframework-simplejwt = "^5.3.1"
django-simpleui = "^2024.8.28"
django-cors-headers = "^4.6.0"
celery = "^5.4.0"
redis = "^5.0.8"
mysqlclient = "^2.2.4"

开发命令

# 安装依赖
poetry install

# 数据库迁移
python manage.py makemigrations
python manage.py migrate

# 创建超级用户
python manage.py createsuperuser

# 运行开发服务器
python manage.py runserver

# 收集静态文件
python manage.py collectstatic